User and discourse models for multimodal communication
Intelligent user interfaces
Automatic referent resolution of deictic and anaphoric expressions
Computational Linguistics
Integration and synchronization of input modes during multimodal human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Ten myths of multimodal interaction
Communications of the ACM
Intelligent User Interfaces
ReferringPhenomena '97 Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment
A syndetic approach to referring phenomena in multimodal interaction
ReferringPhenomena '97 Referring Phenomena in a Multimedia Context and their Computational Treatment
Spatial knowledge representation for human-robot interaction
Spatial cognition III
Human-centered visualization environments
Human-centered visualization environments
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By integrating conversationally used natural language with graphical interfaces, gestural interaction looses the simplicity of direct manipulation. Input in one channel may change the meaning of input in another channel rather drastically. This introduces the wait problem, i.e. the problem of when and how long the system has to wait for input in other channels, before it triggers an action.A dditionally, pointing devices and feedback may cause obtrusive effects on the natural synchronisation of deictic gestures and deictic expressions. Certain uses of gestures are observed that are distinct from natural communication and direct manipulation as well, e.g. focusing gestures.T he discussion of these problems is based on our experience with the multimodal prototypes Mofa and Talky that we implemented in different variations, each showing a slightly different style of interaction. The notion of passive and active gesture forms is introduced as well as the notion of active and passive objects. Incremental natural language interpretation and the provision of incremental and preliminary feedback turn out to be important challenges for the upcoming technology of multimodal interfaces.