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Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence; vols. 1 and 2
All the right moves
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Solving problems on concurrent processors
The art of computer programming, volume 3: (2nd ed.) sorting and searching
The art of computer programming, volume 3: (2nd ed.) sorting and searching
A parallel search chess program
ACM '85 Proceedings of the 1985 ACM annual conference on The range of computing : mid-80's perspective: mid-80's perspective
C3P Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues - Volume 1
C3P Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues - Volume 1
Interactive performance display and debugging using the NCUBE real-time graphicssystem
C3P Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues - Volume 1
What have we learnt from using real parallel machines to solve real problems?
C3P Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications - Volume 2
Best-first branch-and bound on a hypercube
C3P Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications - Volume 2
A bibliography on minimax trees
ACM SIGACT News
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SPAA '94 Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures
The ABDADA distributed minimax search algorithm
CSC '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM 24th annual conference on Computer science
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We report our progress on computer chess last described at the Second Conference on Hypercubes. Our program follows the strategy of currently successful sequential chess programs: searching of an alpha-beta pruned game tree, iterative deepening, transposition and history tables, specialized endgame evaluators, and so on. The search tree is decomposed onto the hypercube (an NCUBE) using a recursive version of the principal-variation-splitting algorithm. Roughly speaking, subtrees are searched by teams of processors in a self-scheduled manner.A crucial feature of the program is the global hashtable. Hashtables are important in the sequential case, but are even more central for a parallel chess algorithm. The table not only stores knowledge but also makes the decision at each node of the chess tree whether to stay sequential or to split up the work in parallel. In the language of Knuth and Moore, the transposition table decides whether each node of the chess tree is a type 2 or a type 3 node and acts accordingly. For this data structure the hypercube is used as a shared-memory machine. Multiple writes to the same location are resolved using a priority system which decides which entry is of more value to the program. The hashtable is implemented as “smart” shared memory.Search times for related subtrees vary widely (up to a factor of 100) so dynamic reconfiguration of processors is necessary to concentrate on such “hot spots” in the tree. A first version of the program with dynamic load balancing has recently been completed and out-performs the non-load-balancing program by a factor of three. The current speedup of the program is 101 out of a possible 256 processors.The program has played in several tournaments, facing both computers and people. Most recently it scored 2-2 in the ACM North American Computer Chess Championship.