A Trapdoor Permutation Equivalent to Factoring

  • Authors:
  • Pascal Paillier

  • Affiliations:
  • -

  • Venue:
  • PKC '99 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Practice and Theory in Public Key Cryptography
  • Year:
  • 1999

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Abstract

In Eurocrypt'98 [1], Okamoto et al. exhibited a new trapdoor function based on the use of a special moduli (p2q) allowing easy discrete logarithm computations. The authors proved that the scheme's resistance to chosen-plaintext attacks is equivalent to factoring n. Unfortunately, the proposed scheme suffers from not being a permutation (the expansion rate is ≅3), and hence cannot be used for public-key signatures. In this paper, we show how to refine the function into a trapdoor permutation that can be used for signatures. Interestingly, our variant still remains equivalent to factoring and seems to be the second known trapdoor permutation (Rabin-Williams' scheme [3] being the first) provably as secure as a primitive problem.