Hackers: heroes of the computer revolution
Hackers: heroes of the computer revolution
Grosch's law re-revisited: CPU power and the cost of computation
Communications of the ACM
IBM's early computers
The genesis of microprogramming
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator: Volume 8
A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator: Volume 8
IBM expands the computing world
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing - Special issue: IBM 650
VAX architecture reference manual
VAX architecture reference manual
Electronic Computers: A Historical Survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer architecture
On the design of display processors
Communications of the ACM
The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann
The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann
Computer Structures: Principles and Examples
Computer Structures: Principles and Examples
Project Whirlwind; The History of a Pioneer Computer
Project Whirlwind; The History of a Pioneer Computer
Computer Engineering; A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design
Computer Engineering; A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design
ACM SIGPLAN Notices - Special issue: History of programming languages conference
Algol-60 Implementation
The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer (Charles Babbage Institute Reprint)
The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer (Charles Babbage Institute Reprint)
Computer structures: Readings and examples (McGraw-Hill computer science series)
Computer structures: Readings and examples (McGraw-Hill computer science series)
Planning a computer system: Project Stretch
Planning a computer system: Project Stretch
S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Self-Study Questions & Answers
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Encyclopedia of Computer Science
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Computer architecture concentrates on the logical aspects of computer design as opposed to the physical or electronic aspects. The underlying logical design of most modern computers is still based on that of the earliest electronic computers despite decades of progress in electronic circuitry. the innovations that have occurred in computer architecture have been driven by two different goals: higher performance and lower cost. Performance driven improvements have yielded computer systems with increasingly higher computation speeds and throughput. Cost driven improvements have yielded systems that are easier to use and applicable to a broader range of automatic control problems. Improvements in electronic circuitry have not led directly to architectural innovations; computers that pioneered new circuit technologies usually relied on older architectural concepts.