Computation at the edge of chaos: phase transitions and emergent computation
CNLS '89 Proceedings of the ninth annual international conference of the Center for Nonlinear Studies on Self-organizing, Collective, and Cooperative Phenomena in Natural and Artificial Computing Networks on Emergent computation
Learning processes based on incomplete identification and information generation
Applied Mathematics and Computation
Autonomic life as the proof of incompleteness and Lawvere's theorem of fixed point
Applied Mathematics and Computation
The emergence and collapse of money
Physica D
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Marx's argument on 'the form of value' is based on state-oriented physics (SOP) and has 'the problem of transitivity.' This problem is inevitably led by an assumption of SOP that observer is able to identify a rule of exchange, so we cannot solve this problem directly. If we hold a standpoint of measurement-oriented physics (MOP), this problem is not a pardox but can be treated as the possibility to get a new outlook for understanding an aspect of exchange as a movement. The problem of transitivity arises because an observer who can describe individual exchanges only as specific parts of the whole exchange tries to describe a general rule. If we take it as a measurement problem, we can positively use the problem of transitivity and construct an internal measurement model in which exchange has the duality, operator and operand. We construct an internal measurement model of exchange as an interaction between cone-relation and equivalent-relation. Then we get patterns named 'particle' that can be interpreted as a rule that can be regarded adaptable for the whole process of exchange, and the particle also has the duality of stability and instability.