Third and fourth generation language productivity differences
Communications of the ACM
Software metrics (2nd ed.): a rigorous and practical approach
Software metrics (2nd ed.): a rigorous and practical approach
Function Points Analysis: An Empirical Study of Its Measurement Processes
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Software Engineering Economics
Software Engineering Economics
Resource management policies for real-time Java remote invocations
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
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A study was commissioned by Hughes Space and Communications software engineering group to determine the effectiveness of the recent introduction of object-oriented languages, technologies, and development methodologies. Of particular was any effects on development productivity. Fundamentally productivity metrics are difficult to apply across non-homogeneous projects and development teams. Furthermore, owing to many uncontrolled variables such as the lack of a solid control project and non-rigorously collected data, productivity measures alone are were sufficient to determine meaningful results as requested for the study.A new, robust means of comparing non-homogenous development efforts (that does not require a control project) called "efficiency" was introduced and used to augment the comparative analysis of the projects and address possible concerns with the use of productivity metrics alone. Efficiency measures the actual effort compared to an estimate of that effort with respect to an independent and well-defined baseline - for purposes of the study this was COCOMOII. Conclusive evidence was found to support the hypothesis that object-oriented languages coupled with object-oriented methods result in greater productivity and efficiency as compared to other efforts. Furthermore it is concluded that efficiency metrics along with the non-standard use of COCOMOII is a meaningful, useful and practical approach to compare development efforts.