The Z notation: a reference manual
The Z notation: a reference manual
Introduction to the theory of programming languages
Introduction to the theory of programming languages
Software engineering with formal metrics
Software engineering with formal metrics
Applied software measurement: assuring productivity and quality
Applied software measurement: assuring productivity and quality
Object-oriented modeling and design
Object-oriented modeling and design
Software Metrics: A Rigorous Approach
Software Metrics: A Rigorous Approach
Object-Oriented Software Construction
Object-Oriented Software Construction
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Function Point Analysis: Difficulties and Improvements
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Towards a Framework for Software Measurement Validation
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach
Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach
A Vector-Based Approach to Software Size Measurement and Effort Estimation
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Software Productivity Measurement Using Multiple Size Measures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
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Software size is a fundamental software product measure. Many existing software size measures do not adequately address the underlying problem complexity of systems. We propose a vector measure that incorporates both functionality and problem complexity in a balanced and harmonious manner. Algebraic specification is used as a vehicle to derive foundation formulae for measuring software size in terms of its attributes and as a vector. Functionality is measured as the number of atomic units in the signature section of an algebraic specification. Problem complexity is measured as the number of atomic units in the semantic section of the specification. A vector representation, which has both magnitude and gradient, is used to demonstrate that the approach can be used to objectively compare and classify different classes of systems. Finally, we verify that our proposal satisfies the theoretical validation framework of Kitchenham, Pfleeger and Fenton.