Complexity of Two-Variable Logic with Counting

  • Authors:
  • Leszek Pacholski;Wieslaw Szwast;Lidia Tendera

  • Affiliations:
  • -;-;-

  • Venue:
  • LICS '97 Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
  • Year:
  • 1997

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Abstract

In the paper we consider the class C of first order sentences with two variables and with additional ``counting'' quantifiers ``there exists exactly m'' (at most, at least m), for some nonnegative integer m. We prove that the problem of satisfiability of sentences of the class with the quantifier ``there exists exactly one'' is NEXPTIME-complete. This strengthens a recent results of E. Gradel, Ph. Kolaitis and M. Vardi who proved that the satisfiability problem for the first order two-variable logic is NEXPTIME-complete and of E. Gradel, M. Otto and E. Rosen who proved the decidability of the class C. Our result easily implies that the satisfiability problem for C is in non-deterministic, doubly exponential time. It is interesting that the class C with the quantifier ``there exists exactly one'' is in NEXPTIME in spite of the fact, that there are sentences whose minimal (and only) models are of doubly exponential size.