The House Is North of the River: Relative Localization of Extended Objects
COSIT 2001 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Foundations of Geographic Information Science
Similarity of Cardinal Directions
SSTD '01 Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Advances in Spatial and Temporal Databases
Consistency Checking for Qualitative Spatial Reasoning with Cardinal Directions
CP '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming
Composing cardinal direction relations
Artificial Intelligence
Fuzzy semantics for direction relations between composite regions
Information Sciences—Informatics and Computer Science: An International Journal
Cardinal directions between spatial objects: the pairwise-consistency problem
Information Sciences—Informatics and Computer Science: An International Journal
On the consistency of cardinal direction constraints
Artificial Intelligence
A usability-driven approach to the development of a 3D web-GIS environment
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
GNet: A generalized network model and its applications in qualitative spatial reasoning
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Spatial Abstraction: Aspectualization, Coarsening, and Conceptual Classification
Proceedings of the international conference on Spatial Cognition VI: Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space
Consistency checking of basic cardinal constraints over connected regions
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
On the consistency of cardinal direction constraints
Artificial Intelligence
Modelling and querying geographical data warehouses
Information Systems
Generalization and transfer learning in noise-affected robot navigation tasks
EPIA'07 Proceedings of the aritficial intelligence 13th Portuguese conference on Progress in artificial intelligence
Qualitative spatial representation and reasoning in the SparQ-toolbox
SC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Spatial Cognition V: reasoning, action, interaction
Toward heterogeneous cardinal direction calculus
KI'09 Proceedings of the 32nd annual German conference on Advances in artificial intelligence
Proceedings of the 18th SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
Modeling ontological concepts of locations with a heterogeneous cardinal direction model
KSEM'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Knowledge science, engineering and management
Composing cardinal direction relations basing on interval algebra
KSEM'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Knowledge science, engineering and management
Reasoning mechanism for cardinal direction relations
AIMSA'10 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Artificial intelligence: methodology, systems, and applications
A hybrid geometric-qualitative spatial reasoning system and its application in GIS
COSIT'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Spatial information theory
Distributed spatial reasoning for wireless sensor networks
CONTEXT'11 Proceedings of the 7th international and interdisciplinary conference on Modeling and using context
The head-body-tail intersection for spatial relations between directed line segments
GIScience'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Geographic Information Science
Cardinal directions between complex regions
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Concepts, compass and computation: models for directional part-whole relationships
ICCSA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part II
Models for half-direction based part-whole relationships
Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on GeoStreaming
A general theory of spatial relations to support a graphical tool for visual information extraction
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Spatial reasoning with rectangular cardinal relations
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence
A hybrid reasoning model for "whole and part" cardinal direction relations
Advances in Artificial Intelligence
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Current models for cardinal directions, such as north and northeast, are either point-based or region-based, but no models exist that apply equally, independent of the geometric data types (be it points, lines, or polygons). To allow users to formulate queries such as "Find all towns in Maine that are northeast of Augusta" without pondering about the cities' geometric data types, we extend the model of the model of the direction-relation matrix to handle arbitrary pairs of points, lines, and polygons. This new model, called the deep direction-relation matrix, retains the 3/spl times/3 structure of the direction-relation matrix with empty and non-empty tiles, while it records additionally neighbor codes for empty tiles to capture whether the tiles' boundaries are empty or not. This extension covers all intricacies imposed by line and point objects, yielding a unifying and consistent model for cardinal directions. It enables the use of cardinal directions in spatial query languages independent of the objects' geometric data types.