The landmark hierarchy: a new hierarchy for routing in very large networks
SIGCOMM '88 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures and protocols
Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
A cluster-based approach for routing in dynamic networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio network
Wireless Networks
Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A scalable location service for geographic ad hoc routing
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Chord: A scalable peer-to-peer lookup service for internet applications
Proceedings of the 2001 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Mobility management for hierarchical wireless networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
LANMAR: landmark routing for large scale wireless ad hoc networks with group mobility
MobiHoc '00 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Analysis of a randomized congestion control scheme with DSDV routing in ad Hoc wireless networks
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue on wireless networks
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks
INFOCOM '97 Proceedings of the INFOCOM '97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution
GPS Query Optimization in Mobile and Wireless Networks
ISCC '01 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications
A Routing Protocol for Physically Hierarchical Ad Hoc Networks
A Routing Protocol for Physically Hierarchical Ad Hoc Networks
The capacity of wireless networks
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Adaptive clustering for mobile wireless networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
SOWER: self-organizing wireless network for messaging
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on Wireless mobile applications and services on WLAN hotspots
A Novel QoS Multicast Model in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
IPDPS '05 Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'05) - Workshop 8 - Volume 09
Wireless mesh networks: a survey
Computer Networks and ISDN Systems
Mobile backbone networks --: construction and maintenance
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Vehicular grid communications: the role of the internet infrastructure
WICON '06 Proceedings of the 2nd annual international workshop on Wireless internet
Trust-based security for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks
Computer Communications
Hole-shadowing routing in large-scale MANETs
International Journal of Sensor Networks
A Scalable Security Framework for Reliable AmI Applications Based on Untrusted Sensors
WWIC 2009 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Wired/Wireless Internet Communications
Construction and Maintenance of Wireless Mobile Backbone Networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Wireless mesh networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A norm-governed systems perspective of ad hoc networks
ESAW'06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Engineering societies in the agents world VII
Hierarchical network protocol for large scale wireless sensor networks
CCNC'10 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE conference on Consumer communications and networking conference
MEACA: mobility and energy aware clustering algorithm for constructing stable MANETs
MILCOM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE conference on Military communications
Survey Paper: Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Reliable gossip-based broadcast protocol in mobile ad hoc networks
MSN'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks
A virtual circle-based clustering algorithm with mobility prediction in large-scale MANETs
ICCNMC'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Networking and Mobile Computing
Dealing with node mobility in ad hoc wireless network
SFM-Moby'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication, and Software Systems: mobile computing
VANET in eyes of hierarchical topology
FOMC '12 Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Foundations of Mobile Computing
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A mobile ad hoc network is usually assumed to be homogeneous, where each mobile node shares the same radio capacity. However, a homogeneous ad hoc network suffers from poor scalability. Recent research has demonstrated its performance bottleneck through both theoretical analysis and simulation experiments and testbed measurements. This is further exacerbated by heavy routing overhead of ad hoc routing protocols when the network size is large. In this paper, we present a design methodology to build a hierarchical large-scale ad hoc network using different types of radio capabilities at different layers. In such a structure, nodes are first dynamically grouped into multi-hop clusters. Each group elects a cluster-head to be a backbone node (BN). Then higher-level links are established to connect the BNs into a backbone network. Following this method recursively, a multilevel hierarchical network can be established. Three critical issues are addressed in this paper. We first analyze the optimal number of BNs for a layer in theory. Then, we propose a stable and light overhead clustering scheme to deploy the BNs. Finally landmark ad hoc routing (LANMAR) is extended to operate the physical hierarchy efficiently. We show that the hierarchical LANMAR can incorporate and efficiently utilize backbone links to reach remote destinations (thus reducing the hop distance). Simulation results using GloMoSim confirm that our proposed schemes achieve good performance.