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A Calculus of Communicating Systems
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The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms
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Decidability of bisimulation equivalence for process generating context-free languages
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IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
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Formal Methods in System Design
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Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
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The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
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UAI '09 Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
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ICNC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Natural Computation - Volume Part I
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We examine the computational complexity of testing finite state processes for equivalence, in the Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS). This equivalence problem in CCS is presented as a refinement of the familiar problem of testing whether two nondeterministic finite state automata (n.f.s.a.) accept the same language. Three notions of equivalence, proposed for CCS, are investigated: (1) observation equivalence, (2) congruence, and (3) failure equivalence. We show that observation equivalence (@@@@) can be tested in cubic time and is the limit of a sequence of equivalence notions (@@@@k), where, @@@@1 is the familiar n.f.s.a. equivalence and, for each fixed k, @@@@k is PSPACE-complete. We provide an O(nlogn) test for congruence for n state processes of bounded fanout, by extending the algorithm that minimizes the states of d.f.s.a.'s. Finally, we show that, even for a very restricted type of process, testing for failure equivalence is PSPACE-complete.