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Civil infrastructure provides the range of essentialservices generally necessary to support a nation'seconomy and quality of life-arguably entire economiesrely on the ability to move goods, people, and informationsafely and reliably. Consequently, it is of the utmostimportance to government, business, and the public at-largethat the flow of services provided by a nation'sinfrastructure continues unimpeded in the face of a broadrange of natural and manmade hazards. From acomprehensive vulnerability assessment and hazardmitigation standpoint, it is necessary to look beyond theeffects of an event on a single system and instead seek tounderstand the perturbed behaviors of a complex,"system of systems". Making our infrastructure systemsinherently safer when stressed also will require more thanjust improved engineering and technology. The events ofSeptember 11 demonstrated that these complex systemsalso have critical institutional and human componentsthat need to be understood and integrated into design andoperational procedures.