Multirate systems and filter banks
Multirate systems and filter banks
IEEE Transactions on Computers
A Compression Framework for Content Analysis
CBAIVL '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries
Minimum effective dimension for mixtures of subspaces: a robust GPCA algorithm and its applications
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
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We introduce a two-stage universal transform code for image compression. The code combines Karhunen-Loeve transform coding with weighted universal bit allocation (WUBA) in a two-stage algorithm analogous to the algorithm for weighted universal vector quantization (WUVQ). The encoder uses a collection of transform/bit allocation pairs rather than a single transform/bit allocation pair (as in JPEG) or a single transform with a variety of bit allocations (as in WUBA). We describe both an encoding algorithm for achieving optimal compression using a collection of transform/bit allocation pairs and a technique for designing locally optimal collections of transform/bit allocation pairs. We demonstrate the performance using the mean squared error distortion measure. On a sequence of combined text and gray scale images, the algorithm achieves up to a 2 dB improvement over a JPEG style coder using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and an optimal collection of bit allocations, up to a 3 dB improvement over a JPEG style coder using the DCT and a single (optimal) bit allocation, up to 6 dB over an entropy constrained WUVQ with first- and second-stage vector dimensions equal to 16 and 4 respectively, and up to a 10 dB improvement over an entropy constrained vector quantizer (ECVQ) with a vector dimension of 4.