Architectural considerations for a new generation of protocols
SIGCOMM '90 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Communications architectures & protocols
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Synchronization of distributed multimedia data in an application-specific manner
MULTIMEDIA '94 Proceedings of the second ACM international conference on Multimedia
An adaptive protocol for synchronizing media streams
Multimedia Systems
Packet audio playout delay adjustment: performance bounds and algorithms
Multimedia Systems
Adaptive multimedia synchronization in a teleconference system
Multimedia Systems
A survey of packet loss recovery techniques for streaming audio
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
Adaptive internet interactive team video
ICWL'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Advances in Web-Based Learning
P2P video synchronization in a collaborative virtual environment
ICWL'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Advances in Web-Based Learning
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Today's Internet best-effort services introduce unavoidable uncertainties in the data transfer delay and create the need for synchronization mechanisms that preserve the temporal relationship among streams of distributed multimedia applications. We present algorithms for stream synchronization that are immune to moderate clock skew between sender and receivers and take into account the different time constraints of each media. In our time model, we introduce the idea of virtual observer, which perceives the session as being in the same room with a sender. We propose policies for delay management and special consideration is given to the time the algorithms take to reach steady state. We avoid the need for globally synchronized clocks for media synchronization by introducing the concept of user's multimedia presence, which defines a new manner for combining streams coming from multiple sites. Finally, we evaluate this framework with traces collected from the Internet.