Dynamically discovering likely program invariants to support program evolution
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Software engineering
Quickly detecting relevant program invariants
Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Software engineering
Dynamically Discovering Likely Program Invariants to Support Program Evolution
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on 1999 international conference on software engineering
The Science of Programming
Automated Support for Program Refactoring using Invariants
ICSM '01 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM'01)
Dynamically discovering likely program invariants
Dynamically discovering likely program invariants
Using formal specifications to support testing
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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The dissertation "Dynamically discovering likely program invariants" introduces dynamic detection of program invariants, presents techniques for detecting such invariants from traces, assesses the techniques' efficacy, and points the way for future research.Invariants are valuable in many aspects of program development, including design, coding, verification, testing, optimization, and maintenance. They also enhance programmers' understanding of data structures, algorithms, and program operation. Unfortunately, explicit invariants are usually absent from programs, depriving programmers and automated tools of their benefits.The dissertation shows how invariants can be dynamically detected from program traces that capture variable values at program points of interest. The user runs the target program over a test suite to create the traces, and an invariant detector determines which properties and relationships hold over both explicit variables and other expressions. Properties that hold over the traces and also satisfy other tests, such as being statistically justified, not being over unrelated variables, and not being implied by other reported invariants, are reported as likely invariants. Like other dynamic techniques such as testing, the quality of the output depends in part on the comprehensiveness of the test suite. If the test suite is inadequate, then the output indicates how, permitting its improvement. Dynamic analysis complements static techniques, which can be made sound but for which certain program constructs remain beyond the state of the art.Experiments demonstrate a number of positive qualities of dynamic invariant detection and of a prototype implementation, Daikon. Invariant detection is accurate -- it rediscovers formal specifications -- and useful -- it assists programmers in programming tasks. It runs quickly and produces output of modest size. Test suites found in practice tend to be adequate for dynamic invariant detection.