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Computational Complexity
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Institute for Advanced StudyAbstract: A fundamental question of complexity theory is the direct product question. A famous example is Yao's XOR-lemma, [19] in which one assumes that some function f is hard on average for small circuits, (meaning that every circuit of some fixed size s which attempts to compute f is wrong on a non-negligible fraction of the inputs) and concludes that every circuit of size s^\prime has a small advantage over guessing randomly when computing f^{\oplus k}(x_1,\cdots , x_k )=f(x_1)\oplus\cdots \oplus f(x_k) on independently chosen x_1,\cdots , x_k. All known proofs of this lemma, [12, 6, 8, 5] have the feature that s^\prime