Towards a formalization of disease-specific ontologies for neuroinformatics
Neural Networks - Special issue: Neuroinformatics
Methods in biomedical ontology
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Biomedical ontologies
Optimizing Terminological Reasoning for Expressive Description Logics
Journal of Automated Reasoning
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
Matching in hybrid terminologies
LPAR'07 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Logic for programming, artificial intelligence and reasoning
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Subsumption in w.r.t. hybrid TBoxes
KI'05 Proceedings of the 28th annual German conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Aggregation in ontologies: practical implementations in OWL
ICWE'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Web Engineering
FaCT++ description logic reasoner: system description
IJCAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international joint conference on Automated Reasoning
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
IWAAL'12 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Ambient Assisted Living and Home Care
Introductions to description logics: a guided tour
RW'13 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Reasoning Web: semantic technologies for intelligent data access
Advancements in ICT for healthcare and wellbeing: towards Horizon 2020
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems
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Description Logics and related formalisms are being applied in at least five applications in medical informatics - terminology, intelligent user interfaces, decision support and semantic indexing, language technology, and systems integration. Important issues include size, complexity, connectivity, and the wide range of granularity required - medical terminologies require on the order of 250,000 concepts, some involving a dozen or more conjuncts with deep nesting; the nature of anatomy and physiology is that everything connects to everything else; and notions to be represented range from psychology to molecular biology. Technical issues for expressivity have focused on problems of part-whole relations and the need to provide "frame-like" functionality - i.e., the ability to determine efficiently what can sensibly be said about any particular concept and means of handling at least limited cases of defaults with exceptions. There are also significant problems with "semantic normalization" and "clinical pragmatics" because understanding medical notions often depends on implicit knowledge and some notions defy easy logical formulation. The two best known efforts - OpenGALEN and SNOMED-RT - both use idiosyncratic Description Logics with generally limited expressivity but specialized extensions to cope with issues around part-whole and other transitive relations. There is also a conflict between the needs for re-use and the requirement for easy understandability by domain expert authors. OpenGALEN has coped with this conflict by introducing a layered architecture with a high level "Intermediate Representation" which insulates authors from the details of the Description Logic, which is treated as an "assembly language" rather than the primary medium for expressing the ontology.