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The thesis of this dissertation is that an understanding of the ordering constraints that are introduced among events of parallel process is essential to the understanding of synchronization and that therefore any language for specifying synchronization of parallel process should be based on a theory of such orderings. While it is possible to write specifications for systems of communicating parallel processes by reference to the time ordering of some global clock external to the system, such specifications cannot be as useful as ones which are in terms of orderings derivable within the system. Specifications should place constraints on intended behavior of the computer system itself rather than on the possible observations of the system''s behaviors from some global viewpoint which may in fact be totally unrealizable. The dissertation is a development of a specification language. It is based on a model of computation in which an individual process is represented by a totally ordered set of events. Synchronization properties of systems of independent processes are guarantees that in fact the set of events in the system can be ordered by a partial order which properly contains the union of the processes'' total orders. This system ordering can be caused by the presence in a system of side-effect primitives or of synchronization primitives. Thus this model applies equally well both to busy waiting synchronization based on coordinated use of storage cells by independent processes and to non-busy waiting synchronization such as that induced by semaphores and structured synchronization primitives. In addition to applying to a range of types of synchronization, the specification language is also used to define a programming language. The meaning of a program is the specification of the behavior of the system into which that program is compiled. Specifications can be written for synchronization problems and for their implementations in terms of various primitives.