Streaming video over wireless networks
Wireless internet handbook
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We study the problem of localizing repair packets when packets are lost. When repair packets are multicasted, a highly lossy receiver may swamp the entire multicast ``group'''' with duplicate repair packets thereby wasting bandwidth; thus, the protocols need repair locality. We present a multicast layering scheme where the sender proactively distributes FEC repair packets among multiple multicast groups. Receivers can selectively tune in to a subset of these multicast groups to obtain number of packets close to the number they require. We develop an efficient algorithm that dynamically determines the optimal distribution of FEC repair packets to a given (small constant) number of multicast groups. The running time of this algorithm is independent of the number of receivers in the multicast session, and is hence highly scalable. However, the optimal algorithm requires the knowledge of the FEC repair requirements of all the receivers in the multicast group, and hence is subject to the implosion problem. To handle the implosion problem, we develop a heuristic algorithm that achieves repair locality very similar to that of the optimal algorithm, but does not require as much global knowledge. Our multicast layering scheme can be integrated into many known reliable multicast protocols to enhance their scalability. For concreteness, we focus on singly scoped and hierarchically scoped SRM as well as tree-based protocols and present combined protocols incorporating our solutions into each of them. Our simulation experiments suggest that our solutions can substantially enhance the scalability of these reliable multicast protocols.