Error spreading: a perception-driven approach to handling error in continuous media streaming
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Unequal error protection for real-time video in mobile ad hoc networks via multi-path transport
Computer Communications
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This paper proposes a new error recovery technique for interactive video transmission over error-prone, slow, and bandwidth constrained networks. The technique effectively combines forward error correction (FEC) and retransmission to solve the error propagation problem which is inherent in any motion-based video codecs. Prior work has mainly taken an approach that prevents display errors from occurring from the first place. This approach is not effective for interactive video transmission over the target network environments because data losses inevitably occur in such networks and repairing them tends to introduce the delays in video playout. Our approach is to focus on eliminating error propagation and isolating errors when they occur. This approach allows more time for packet repairs and can effectively mask out delays in repairing lost packets. A simulation study shows that the proposed techniques can be effectively used to transmit high-frame-rate interactive video over slow, error-prone, and bandwidth constrained networks. We name this approach Recovery from Error Spread using Continuous Updates (RESCU). A simulation study shows that under 10% data loss, RESCU-FEC can give a PSNR 1 dB higher than H.261 with 10% less bandwidth. For H.261 to achieve a similar video quality, an experiment shows that it needs about 40% more bandwidth than RESCU-FEC. Further improvement can be achieved when retransmission is combined with RESCU-FEC. It is shown that this hybrid scheme can be used for interactive video transmission over error-prone, high latency networks with higher bit efficiency than RESCU with either FEC or retransmission alone.