A comprehensive bibliography of distributed shared memory
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
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One common cause of poor performance in large-scale shared-memory multiprocessors is limited memory or interconnection network bandwidth. Even well-designed machines can exhibit bandwidth limitations when a program issues an excessive number of remote memory accesses or when remote accesses are distributed non-uniformly. While techniques for improving locality of reference are often successful at reducing the number of remote references, a non-uniform distribution of references may still result, which can cause contention both in the interconnection network and at remote memories. .pp Producer/consumer data, where one processor (the producer) writes data that many other processors (the consumers) must read, is a common sharing pattern in parallel programs that generates a non-uniform distribution of references. In this paper we quantify the performance impact of producer/consumer sharing as a function of memory and network bandwidth, and argue that the contention caused by this form of sharing can severely impact performance on large-scale machines. We then propose a new coherency protocol, called eager combining, which is designed to alleviate this contention. The protocol replicates the producer''s data among multiple memory modules, thereby effectively increasing both the memory and network bandwidth of the producer, and dramatically decreasing the remote access latency of consumers. We compare eager combining to other techniques for reducing or eliminating contention, and use execution-driven simulation of parallel programs on a large-scale multiprocessor to show that eager combining can improve performance by a factor of 4 or more when used for programs with producer/consumer data on machines with hundreds of processors.