Evaluating Software Complexity Measures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Comparing representations with relational and EER models
Communications of the ACM
The relative importance of structural constraints and surface semantics in information modeling
Information Systems - Special issue: advanced information systems engineering
The Unified Modeling Language user guide
The Unified Modeling Language user guide
Database interfaces: a conceptual framework and a meta-analysis on natural language studies
Journal of Database Management
Surveying object technology usage and benefits: a test of conventional wisdom
Information and Management
Communications of the ACM
UML 2001: a standardization odyssey
Communications of the ACM
Object-oriented methods: current practices and attitudes
Journal of Systems and Software
Data modeling in UML and ORM: a comparison
Journal of Database Management - Special issue on information modeling methods
Information modeling and method engineering: a psychological perspective
Journal of Database Management - Special issue on information modeling methods
Rational unified process and unified modeling language - a GOMS analysis
Unified modeling language
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Metrics and Models in Software Quality Engineering
Metrics and Models in Software Quality Engineering
Error Density and Size in Ada Software
IEEE Software
A Psychological Study on the Use of Relationship Concept - Some Preliminary Findings
CAiSe '95 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering
When Parents Need Not Have Children - Cognitive Biases in Information Modeling
CAiSE ;96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances Information System Engineering
Evaluation of Information Modeling Methods -- A Review
HICSS '98 Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 5 - Volume 5
Communications of the ACM - Two decades of the language-action perspective
An evaluation of the utility of web development methods
Software Quality Control
Current practices in the use of UML
ER'05 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Perspectives in Conceptual Modeling
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Unified Modeling Language (UML)has emerged as the software industry's dominant modeling language. It is the de facto modeling language standard for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the components of software systems. Despite its prominence and status as the standard modeling language, UML has its critics. Opponents argue that it is complex and difficult to learn. Some question the rationale of having nine diagramming techniques in UML and the raison d'être of those nine techniques in UML. Others point out that UML lacks a comprehensive methodology to guide its users, which makes the language even more convoluted. A few studies on UML can be found in the literature. However, no study exists to provide a quantitative measure of UML complexity or to compare UML with other object-oriented techniques. In this research, we evaluate the complexity of UML using complexity metrics. The objective is to provide a reliable and accurate quantitative measure of UML complexity. A comparison of the complexity metrical values of UML with other object-oriented techniques was also carried out. Our findings suggest that each diagram in UML is not distinctly more complex than techniques in other modeling methods. But as a whole, UML is very complex-2-11 times more complex than other modeling methods.