Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
A Formalism for the Description of Question Answering Systems
Natural Language Communication with Computers
Context-sensitive immediate constituent analysis—context-free languages revisited
STOC '69 Proceedings of the first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
The primitive acts of conceptual dependency
TINLAP '75 Proceedings of the 1975 workshop on Theoretical issues in natural language processing
Translating English into logical form
ACL '82 Proceedings of the 20th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Processing English with a Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar
ACL '82 Proceedings of the 20th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Perspectives on parsing issues
ACL '81 Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
ACL '81 Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Chart parsing and rule schemata in PSG
ACL '81 Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
The Calculi of Lambda Conversion. (AM-6) (Annals of Mathematics Studies)
The Calculi of Lambda Conversion. (AM-6) (Annals of Mathematics Studies)
Treating coordination in logic grammars
Computational Linguistics
SAUMER: sentence analysis using metarules
EACL '85 Proceedings of the second conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
EACL '85 Proceedings of the second conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Two theories for computing the logical form of mass expressions
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Using λ-calculus to represent meanings in logic grammars
ACL '83 Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A foundation for semantic interpretation
ACL '83 Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Logical Forms in the core language engine
ACL '89 Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
An integrated framework for semantic and pragmatic interpretation
ACL '88 Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A logical formalism for the representation of determiners
COLING '86 Proceedings of the 11th coference on Computational linguistics
Phrase structure grammars and natural languages
IJCAI'83 Proceedings of the Eighth international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Semantic evaluation as constraint network consistency
AAAI'92 Proceedings of the tenth national conference on Artificial intelligence
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We describe an approach to parsing and logical translation that was inspired by Gazdar's work on context-free grammar for English. Each grammar rule consists of a syntactic part that specifies an acceptable fragment of a parse tree, and a semantic part that specifies how the logical formulas corresponding to the constituents of the fragment are to be combined to yield the formula for the fragment. However, we have sought to reformulate Gazdar's semantic rules so as to obtain more or less 'conventional' logical translations of English sentences, avoiding the interpretation of NPs as property sets and the use of intensional functors other than certain propositional operators. The reformulated semantic rules often turn out to be slightly simpler than Gazdar's. Moreover, by using a semantically ambiguous logical syntax for the preliminary translations, we can account for quantifier and coordinator scope ambiguities in syntactically unambiguous sentences without recourse to multiple semantic rules, and are able to separate the disambiguation process from the operation of the parser-translator. We have implemented simple recursive descent and left-corner parsers to demonstrate the practicality of our approach.