The visual analysis of human movement: a survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Human motion analysis: a review
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Modeling people toward vision-based understanding of a Person's shape, appearance and movement
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Modeling people toward vision-based underatanding of a person's shape, appearance, and movement
A survey of computer vision-based human motion capture
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Modeling people toward vision-based underatanding of a person's shape, appearance, and movement
Motion-Based Recognition
Automatic Gait Recognition by Symmetry Analysis
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
A Multi-view Method for Gait Recognition Using Static Body Parameters
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Statistical Gait Description via Temporal Moments
SSIAI '00 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation
The Gait Identification Challenge Problem: Data Sets and Baseline Algorithm
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 1 - Volume 1
A New Attempt to Gait-based Human Identification
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 1 - Volume 1
Gait-Based Recognition of Humans Using Continuous HMMs
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Silhouette-Based Human Identification from Body Shape and Gait
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Motion-Based Recognition of People in EigenGait Space
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Gait Analysis for Recognition and Classification
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Learning Pedestrian Models for Silhouette Refinement
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Silhouette Analysis-Based Gait Recognition for Human Identification
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Gait analysis for human identification
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
Performance analysis of time-distance gait parameters under different speeds
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
Gait shape estimation for identification
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
Statistical motion model based on the change of feature relationships: human gait-based recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ICDM '05 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining
Individual Recognition Using Gait Energy Image
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Improved Gait Recognition by Gait Dynamics Normalization
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Bayesian Framework for Extracting Human Gait Using Strong Prior Knowledge
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The challenge problem for automated detection of 101 semantic concepts in multimedia
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Human gait recognition based on matching of body components
Pattern Recognition
Towards a measure of deformability of shape sequences
Pattern Recognition Letters
Multimodal biometrics using geometry preserving projections
Pattern Recognition
General Tensor Discriminant Analysis and Gabor Features for Gait Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Gait analysis for human identification through manifold learning and HMM
Pattern Recognition
A full-body layered deformable model for automatic model-based gait recognition
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Fusing gait and face cues for human gender recognition
Neurocomputing
Fast communication: Gait recognition based on dynamic region analysis
Signal Processing
Unobtrusive multimodal biometric authentication: the HUMABIO project concept
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Gait Recognition by Applying Multiple Projections and Kernel PCA
MLDM '07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition
Automatic detection of abnormal gait
Image and Vision Computing
Automated detection of unusual events on stairs
Image and Vision Computing
Model-Based Gait Recognition Using Multiple Feature Detection
ACIVS '08 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
Three-way auto-correlation approach to motion recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Dynamic shape outlier detection for human locomotion
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Unsupervised view and rate invariant clustering of video sequences
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Computing and evaluating view-normalized body part trajectories
Image and Vision Computing
Covariate Analysis for View-Point Independent Gait Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Multilinear Tensor-Based Non-parametric Dimension Reduction for Gait Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Quantifying Gait Similarity: User Authentication and Real-World Challenge
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Hybrid Dynamical Models of Human Motion for the Recognition of Human Gaits
International Journal of Computer Vision
A channel coding approach for human authentication from gait sequences
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Gait feature subset selection by mutual information
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special section: Best papers from the 2007 biometrics: Theory, applications, and systems (BTAS 07) conference
A study on gait-based gender classification
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Rate-invariant recognition of humans and their activities
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Gait recognition using wearable motion recording sensors
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on recent advances in biometric systems: a signal processing perspective
Individual Identification Using Gait Sequences under Different Covariate Factors
ICVS '09 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Vision Systems: Computer Vision Systems
On the Camera Placement Problem
ISAAC '09 Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
Gait recognition based on multiple views fusion of wavelet descriptor and human skeleton model
VECIMS'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems
Wavelet analysis of cyclic human gait for recognition
DSP'09 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Digital Signal Processing
Person identification from human walking sequences using affine moment invariants
ICRA'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Robotics and Automation
Zernike velocity moments for sequence-based description of moving features
Image and Vision Computing
Improved gait recognition by multiple-projections normalization
Machine Vision and Applications
International Journal of Computer Vision
Uncorrelated discriminant simplex analysis for view-invariant gait signal computing
Pattern Recognition Letters
Real-time shape retrieval for robotics using skip Tri-grams
IROS'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/RSJ international conference on Intelligent robots and systems
Statistical Methods and Models for Video-Based Tracking, Modeling, and Recognition
Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing
Distance approximating dimension reduction of Riemannian manifolds
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
A biometric database with rotating head videos and hand- drawn face sketches
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Biologically inspired feature manifold for gait recognition
Neurocomputing
Boosting discriminant learners for gait recognition using MPCA features
Journal on Image and Video Processing - Special issue on video-based modeling, analysis, and recognition of human motion
Fast communication: Active energy image plus 2DLPP for gait recognition
Signal Processing
Using ground reaction forces from gait analysis: body mass as a weak biometric
PERVASIVE'07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Pervasive computing
Human shape tracking for gait recognition using active contours with mean shift
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Human perambulation as a self calibrating biometric
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Gait identification based on multi-view observations using omnidirectional camera
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part I
Gait recognition using active shape models
ACIVS'07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
Human gait recognition using temporal slices
PReMI'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Pattern recognition and machine intelligence
Individual identification using personality traits
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Infrared gait recognition based on wavelet transform and support vector machine
Pattern Recognition
ICIC'09 Proceedings of the Intelligent computing 5th international conference on Emerging intelligent computing technology and applications
Gait recognition using Hough transform and principal component analysis
ICIC'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Emerging intelligent computing technology and applications
Fusion of movement specific human identification experts
BioID_MultiComm'09 Proceedings of the 2009 joint COST 2101 and 2102 international conference on Biometric ID management and multimodal communication
Relative Margin Support Tensor Machines for gait and action recognition
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval
Discrminative geometry preserving projections
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Human identification from human movements
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Enhanced gait recognition based on weighted dynamic feature
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Understanding transit scenes: a survey on human behavior-recognition algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Efficient human action and gait analysis using multiresolution motion energy histogram
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on video analysis for human behavior understanding
Gait recognition without subject cooperation
Pattern Recognition Letters
Vs-star: A visual interpretation system for visual surveillance
Pattern Recognition Letters
Low-resolution gait recognition
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on gait analysis
Applications of a simple characterization of human gait in surveillance
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on gait analysis
Recognition of affect based on gait patterns
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on gait analysis
Image clustering using local discriminant models and global integration
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing - Special section on distributed camera networks: sensing, processing, communication, and implementation
Chrono-gait image: a novel temporal template for gait recognition
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part I
Aligning spatio-temporal signals on a special manifold
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part V
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine - Special section on affective and pervasive computing for healthcare
Gait flow image: A silhouette-based gait representation for human identification
Pattern Recognition
Gait-based human age estimation
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Human attributes from 3D pose tracking
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on computer vision conference on Computer vision: Part III
Robust Gait Recognition by Learning and Exploiting Sub-gait Characteristics
International Journal of Computer Vision
Gait analysis of gender and age using a large-scale multi-view gait database
ACCV'10 Proceedings of the 10th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part II
Phase registration of a single quasi-periodic signal using self dynamic time warping
ACCV'10 Proceedings of the 10th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part III
Learning human identity using view-invariant multi-view movement representation
BioID'11 Proceedings of the COST 2101 European conference on Biometrics and ID management
Gait identification using a novel gait representation: Radon transform of mean gait energy image
IbPRIA'11 Proceedings of the 5th Iberian conference on Pattern recognition and image analysis
Gender classification using a novel gait template: radon transform of mean gait energy image
ICIAR'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Image analysis and recognition - Volume Part II
The online gait measurement for characteristic gait animation synthesis
Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Virtual and mixed reality: new trends - Volume Part I
Human identification based on gait paths
ACIVS'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
Human gait recognition using extraction and fusion of global motion features
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Gait recognition using Pose Kinematics and Pose Energy Image
Signal Processing
A Comparative Study of Palmprint Recognition Algorithms
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
A survey of advances in biometric gait recognition
CCBR'11 Proceedings of the 6th Chinese conference on Biometric recognition
Magnitude and phase spectra of foot motion for gait recognition
CAIP'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
Carrying object detection using pose preserving dynamic shape models
AMDO'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
A new combinatorial approach to supervised learning: application to gait recognition
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Gait recognition using view distance vectors
CIS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computational Intelligence and Security - Volume Part I
Automatic gait recognition by multi-projection analysis
IEA/AIE'06 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Advances in Applied Artificial Intelligence: industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems
A novel approach on silhouette based human motion analysis for gait recognition
ISVC'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Advances in Visual Computing
Modelling the effect of view angle variation on appearance-based gait recognition
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Matching gait image sequences in the frequency domain for tracking people at a distance
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Gait recognition using a view transformation model in the frequency domain
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Modelling the time-variant covariates for gait recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Gait recognition using spectral features of foot motion
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Robustness of biometric gait authentication against impersonation attack
OTM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: AWeSOMe, CAMS, COMINF, IS, KSinBIT, MIOS-CIAO, MONET - Volume Part I
Gait recognition using procrustes shape analysis and shape context
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Human attributes from 3D pose tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Pattern Recognition Letters
Cyclostationary processes on shape spaces for gait-based recognition
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
A new approach for human identification using gait recognition
ICCSA'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part III
A new attempt to silhouette-based gait recognition for human identification
AI'06 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence: Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence
Dual phase learning for large scale video gait recognition
MMM'10 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
Combining wavelet velocity moments and reflective symmetry for gait recognition
IWBRS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Model-Based approaches for predicting gait changes over time
IWBRS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
l2,1-norm regularized discriminative feature selection for unsupervised learning
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Two
Gait verification using knee acceleration signals
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Higher rank Support Tensor Machines for visual recognition
Pattern Recognition
Depth information in human gait analysis: an experimental study on gender recognition
ICIAR'12 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
An adaptive system for gait recognition in multi-view environments
Proceedings of the on Multimedia and security
Pattern Recognition Letters
Walker recognition without gait cycle estimation
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Reducing the effect of noise on human contour in gait recognition
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Partitioning gait cycles adaptive to fluctuating periods and bad silhouettes
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Uniprojective features for gait recognition
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Activity-based person identification using sparse coding and discriminative metric learning
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Biometric Evaluation on the Cloud: A Case Study with HumanID Gait Challenge
UCC '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ACM Fifth International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
Tracking benchmark databases for video-based sign language recognition
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Trends and Topics in Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Ethnicity classification based on a hierarchical fusion
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Gait recognition based on partitioned weighting gait energy image
IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Performance analysis of matrix gait recognition under linear interpolation framework
IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Robust gait recognition via discriminative set matching
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Application of 3D-wavelet statistics to video analysis
Multimedia Tools and Applications
A tensor factorization based least squares support tensor machine for classification
ISNN'13 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part I
An Analysis of Different Approaches to Gait Recognition Using Cell Phone Based Accelerometers
Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing & Multimedia
Gait recognition based on shape and motion analysis of silhouette contours
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Pose Depth Volume extraction from RGB-D streams for frontal gait recognition
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
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Identification of people by analysis of gait patterns extracted from video has recently become a popular research problem. However, the conditions under which the problem is "solvable驴 are not understood or characterized. To provide a means for measuring progress and characterizing the properties of gait recognition, we introduce the HumanID Gait Challenge Problem. The challenge problem consists of a baseline algorithm, a set of 12 experiments, and a large data set. The baseline algorithm estimates silhouettes by background subtraction and performs recognition by temporal correlation of silhouettes. The 12 experiments are of increasing difficulty, as measured by the baseline algorithm, and examine the effects of five covariates on performance. The covariates are: change in viewing angle, change in shoe type, change in walking surface, carrying or not carrying a briefcase, and elapsed time between sequences being compared. Identification rates for the 12 experiments range from 78 percent on the easiest experiment to 3 percent on the hardest. All five covariates had statistically significant effects on performance, with walking surface and time difference having the greatest impact. The data set consists of 1,870 sequences from 122 subjects spanning five covariates (1.2 Gigabytes of data). The gait data, the source code of the baseline algorithm, and scripts to run, score, and analyze the challenge experiments are available at http://www.GaitChallenge.org. This infrastructure supports further development of gait recognition algorithms and additional experiments to understand the strengths and weaknesses of new algorithms. The more detailed the experimental results presented, the more detailed is the possible meta-analysis and greater is the understanding. It is this potential from the adoption of this challenge problem that represents a radical departure from traditional computer vision research methodology.