SIGCOMM '93 Conference proceedings on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The core-assisted mesh protocol
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems (TAAS)
International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation
QoS Route Discovery of Ad Hoc Networks Based on Intelligence Computing
ISNN '08 Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in Neural Networks
Ant Colony Optimization-Based Location-Aware Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks
WASA '08 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications
Improving routing distance for geographic multicast with Fermat points in mobile ad hoc networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Multicast routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks: a comparative survey and taxonomy
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Stigmergic landmark routing: a routing algorithm for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A heuristic and distributed QoS route discovery method for mobile ad hoc networks
WAIM'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in Web-Age Information Management
Simple distributed algorithms for approximating minimum steiner trees
COCOON'05 Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Computing and Combinatorics
Ant-Based systems for wireless networks: retrospect and prospects
IWSOS'12 Proceedings of the 6th IFIP TC 6 international conference on Self-Organizing Systems
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Swarm intelligence refers to complex behaviors that arise from very simple individual behaviors and interactions, which is often observed in nature, especially among social insects such as ants. Although each individual (an ant) has little intelligence and simply follows basic rules using local information obtained from the environment, such as ant's pheromone trail laying and following behavior, globally optimized behaviors, such as finding a shortest path, emerge when they work collectively as a group. In this paper, we apply this biologically inspired metaphor to the multicast routing problem in mobile ad hoc networks. Our proposed multicast protocol adapts a core-based approach which establishes multicast connectivity among members through a designated node (core). An initial multicast connection can be rapidly setup by having the core flood the network with an announcement so that nodes on the reverse paths to the core will be requested by group members to serve as forwarding nodes. In addition, each member who is not the core periodically deploys a small packet that behaves like an ant to opportunistically explore different paths to the core. This exploration mechanism enables the protocol to discover new forwarding nodes that yield lower total forwarding costs, where cost is abstract and can be used to represent any metric to suit the application. Simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach and to compare it with certain existing multicast protocols.