Positive and negative expectations and the deontic nature of social conventions

• Authors: Cristiano Castelfranchi;Luca Tummolini
• Venue: ICAIL '03 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
• Year: 2003

The general goal of the paper is to show the normative/deontic nature of conventions. Conventions are traditionally defined as regularity of behavior based on expectations evolved to solve coordination problems [14]. The thesis we defend is that the cognitive attitude of expectations is not only characterized by an anticipatory representation (belief) of a future state of affairs but is coupled with a motivational component (a goal on this state). The possible convergence between beliefs and corresponding goals allows the identification of positive and negative expectations. We argue that in positive expectations (differently from the negative ones) lies implicitly an influencing act aimed at prescribing that the expected event will be realized. We consider conventions as analyzed in Game Theory as regularity of behavior based on positive expectations. These conventions entail the deontic component of prescription. Each agent prescribes (and is subject to prescription) conformity to the convention to the others (prescription to do). This is a possible route to the spontaneous emergence of Social Norms. However we hypothesize, differently, that negative expectations too can sustain conventions. Even "bad habits" share a deontic component but is characterized by the socio-cognitive structure of permission (entitlement to do). We argue that with this analysis is possible to explain the self-organizing and stabilizing effect of conventions that create an equilibrium noxious for all the participants and individually more costly than the individual benefit.