Development of supercomputers in Japan: hardware and software
Parallel Computing - Special Anniversary issue
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer architecture
Parallel Computers Two: Architecture, Programming and Algorithms
Parallel Computers Two: Architecture, Programming and Algorithms
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Leading Computational Methods on Scalar and Vector HEC Platforms
SC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Scientific Application Performance On Leading Scalar and Vector Supercomputering Platforms
International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
Pipelined parallelization in HPF programs on the earth simulator
ISHPC'05/ALPS'06 Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on high-performance computing and 1st international conference on Advanced low power systems
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The Earth Simulator (ES), developed under the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator project", is a highly parallel vector supercomputer system. In this paper, an overview of ES, its architectural features, hardware technology and the result of performance evaluation are described.In May 2002, the ES was acknowledged to be the most powerful computer in the world: 35.86 teraflop/s for the LINPACK HPC benchmark and 26.58 teraflop/s for an atmospheric general circulation code (AFES). Such a remarkable performance may be attributed to the following three architectural features; vector processor, shared-memory and high-bandwidth non-blocking interconnection crossbar network.The ES consists of 640 processor nodes (PN) and an interconnection network (IN), which are housed in 320 PN cabinets and 65 IN cabinets. The ES is installed in a specially designed building, 65m long, 50m wide and 17m high. In order to accomplish this advanced system, many kinds of hardware technologies have been developed, such as a high-density and high-frequency LSI, a high-frequency signal transmission, a high-density packaging, and a high-efficiency cooling and power supply system with low noise so as to reduce whole volume of the ES and total power consumption.For highly parallel processing, a special synchronization means connecting all nodes, Global Barrier Counter (GBC), has been introduced.