In the age of the smart machine: the future of work and power
In the age of the smart machine: the future of work and power
Computers in the human context: information technology, productivity, and people
Computers in the human context: information technology, productivity, and people
Computerization and controversy (2nd ed.): value conflicts and social choices
Computerization and controversy (2nd ed.): value conflicts and social choices
Trapped in the Net: The Unanticipated Consequences of Computerization
Trapped in the Net: The Unanticipated Consequences of Computerization
Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s: Research Studies
Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s: Research Studies
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Automation is the conversion of a work process, a procedure, or equipment to automatic rather than human operation or control. Automation does not simply transfer human functions to machines, but involves a deep reorganization of the work process, during which both the human and the machine functions are redefined. Early automation relied on mechanical and electromechanical control devices; during the last 40 years, however, the computer gradually became the leading vehicle of automation. Modern automation is usually associated with computerization.