Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity
Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity
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The term cybernetics was coined by Norbert Wiener (1948). Derived from the Greek "kybernetes," or "steersman," it was defined as "the study of control and communication in the animal and machine." Over time, its meaning has broadened substantially, and while many specific senses persist, cybernetics is the study of the abstract principles of organization in complex systems. Thus, cybernetics stands as a crucial component of the systems sciences, a collection of fields that examine the common properties of complex, evolving systems. These are currently best manifested in the schools of evolutionary systems, complex adaptive systems, and artificial life.