The Java programming language (2nd ed.)
The Java programming language (2nd ed.)
Concurrent Programming in Java: Design Principles and Patterns
Concurrent Programming in Java: Design Principles and Patterns
Java Virtual Machine Specification
Java Virtual Machine Specification
The Java Language Specification
The Java Language Specification
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Java is a high level programming language developed by James Gosling and others at Sun Microsystems, mainly since 1995, when it became popular for Internet (q.v.) programming. All data and functions must be in classes, which define types of objects, so Java is truly object-oriented [i.e. all data and operations on them are encapsulated within objects (see ENCAPSULATION)]. Java resembles C and c++, but it omits many unwieldy features. It has no pointers. Memory management (q.v.) is automatic; this, combined with static (i.e. compile time) and run-time type and array bounds checking, makes Java programs more reliable than most programmers can achieve in languages like C or C++. Other major features are that it supports concurrency directly, and it has an exception mechanism (to catch run-time errors, like array subscripts going out of bounds).