Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation
Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation
Object-oriented modeling and design
Object-oriented modeling and design
Why interaction is more powerful than algorithms
Communications of the ACM
The Java programming language (2nd ed.)
The Java programming language (2nd ed.)
Concepts and paradigms of object-oriented programming
ACM SIGPLAN OOPS Messenger
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The essence of object-oriented programming is to model systems of real entities with the goal of separating their internal structure from their external, visible interactions. It emphasizes the hiding or encapsulation of the "inner" state of entities and the specification of interactive properties of entities by an interface of operations (the events in which they may participate). This separates the inner functioning of entities like banks, aircraft, or people from their external behavior in interacting with other entities. The separation is realized by partitioning the state of a system of entities into chunks associated with objects so that each chunk is responsible for its own protection against access by unauthorized operations. In a concurrent environment, objects protect themselves against asynchronous access, removing the synchronization burden from processes that access the object's data.