Introduction to mathematical logic (3rd ed.)
Introduction to mathematical logic (3rd ed.)
Concepts of programming languages (3rd ed.)
Concepts of programming languages (3rd ed.)
Formal Specifications of Programming Language: A Panoramic Primer
Formal Specifications of Programming Language: A Panoramic Primer
The Denotational Description of Programming Languages: An Introduction
The Denotational Description of Programming Languages: An Introduction
PASCAL user manual and report
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Languages for human communication have syntax (structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (effects). Semantics and pragmatics are particularly complex subjects in human languages, and philosophers and linguists have studied them extensively. Computer languages are much simpler artificial languages, designed for the limited purpose of directing a computer to execute the operations needed to implement algorithms (q.v.). Their syntax and semantics are normally designed for ease of programmer use, translation, and implementation, all of which calls for simple rigid syntax and straightforward semantics.