On the self-similar nature of Ethernet traffic (extended version)
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Wide area traffic: the failure of Poisson modeling
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: evidence and possible causes
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
The changing nature of network traffic: scaling phenomena
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Data networks as cascades: investigating the multifractal nature of Internet WAN traffic
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '98 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Dynamics of IP traffic: a study of the role of variability and the impact of control
Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Connection-level analysis and modeling of network traffic
IMW '01 Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement
Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation
Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation
Infinitely divisible cascade analysis of network traffic data
ICASSP '00 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2000. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 01
Cluster processes: a natural language for network traffic
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
A statistical test for the time constancy of scaling exponents
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Wavelet analysis of long-range-dependent traffic
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
A wavelet-based joint estimator of the parameters of long-range dependence
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
A multifractal wavelet model with application to network traffic
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Experimental validation of the ON-OFF packet-level model for IP traffic
Computer Communications
Non-Gaussian and Long Memory Statistical Characterizations for Internet Traffic with Anomalies
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
Some remarks on unexpected scaling exponents
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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The discovery of long-range dependence (a kind of asymptotic fractal scaling) in packet data from LANs and WANs, was followed by further work detailing evidence for multifractal behaviour in TCP/IP traffic in WANs. In terms of networking however, physical mechanisms for such behaviour have never been convincingly demonstrated, leaving open the question of whether multifractal traffic models are of black box type, or alternatively if there is anything 'real' behind them. In this paper we review the evidence for multifractal behaviour of aggregate TCP traffic, and show that in many ways it is weak. Our study includes classic traces and very recent ones. We point out misunderstandings in the literature concerning the scales over which multifractality has been claimed. We explain other pitfalls which have led to the multifractal case being overstated, in particular the possibility of 'pseudo scaling' being confused with true scaling, due to shortcomings in the statistical tools. We argue for an alternative point process model with strong physical meaning. It reproduces the higher order statistics of the data well, despite not being calibrated for them, yet is not multifractal. From its standpoint, the empirical multifractal behaviour is seen as a misinterpretation due to a lack of power in the statistical methodology.