OKBC: a programmatic foundation for knowledge base interoperability
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
A library of generic concepts for composing knowledge bases
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Knowledge capture
Case-Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons and Future Directions
Case-Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons and Future Directions
Design Patterns CD: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, (CD-ROM)
Design Patterns CD: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, (CD-ROM)
Using Generalised Directive Models in Knowledge Acquisition
Proceedings of the 6th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop on Current Developments in Knowledge Acquisition: EKAW '92
A Template-Based Approach Toward Acquisition of Logical Sentences
Proceedings of the IFIP 17th World Computer Congress - TC12 Stream on Intelligent Information Processing
Preface: Protégé: community is everything
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Protégé: community is everything
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Many ontology-development tools allow users to supplement frame-based representations with arbitrary logical sentences. However, few users actually take advantage of this opportunity. For example, in the Ontolingua ontology library, only 20% of the ontologies have any user-defined axioms. We believe the difficulty of composing axioms primarily accounts for the lack of axioms in these knowledge bases: Many domain experts cannot translate their thoughts into abstract and symbolic representations. We attempt to remedy the difficulties by identifying groups of axioms that manifest common patterns, creating "templates" that allow users to compose axioms by "filling in the blanks." We studied axioms in two public ontology libraries, and derived 20 templates that cover 85% of all the user-defined axioms. We describe our methodology for identifying the templates and present examples. We constructed an interface that allows users to create constraints on knowledge bases by "filling in blanks;" our usability testing shows that users could use templates to encode axioms with a success rate similar to that of experts writing directly in an axiom language. Our approach should foster the introduction of axioms and constraints that are currently missing in many ontologies.