A Computational Approach to Edge Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The information capacity of the human fingertip
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Tactile imaging using watershed-based image segmentation
Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Nonlinear image processing
Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition)
Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition)
Automated tactile graphics translation: in the field
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Generation of accessible diagrams by semantics preserving adaptation
ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing
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This paper presents a method to convert vector graphics into tactile representations for the blind. Generating tactile pictures from vector graphics is an important effort to bring more accessibility to the WWW as well as other means of communications since vector graphics are an increasing trend in web based graphics. Prior research has investigated methods that extracts object boundaries from images to produce raised-line tactile pictures. The proposed method extends this idea for vector graphics, producing tactile pictures where important outlines are emphasized. Important outlines are determined by using the hierarchical structure of a vector graphic. A Braille printer is used where raised dots are embossed for the outlining boundaries. Important and detail boundaries are embossed with dots of larger and smaller height, respectively, while all other regions contain no raised dots. Results testing a person's ability to discriminate, identify, and comprehend tactile pictures shows the proposed methods' advantage over two other methods.