Impossibility of distributed consensus with one faulty process
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Fair exchange with a semi-trusted third party (extended abstract)
Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Optimistic protocols for fair exchange
Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Atomicity in electronic commerce
Internet besieged
Optimal efficiency of optimistic contract signing
PODC '98 Proceedings of the seventeenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
A Fair-exchange E-commerce Protocol with Automated Dispute Resolution
Proceedings of the IFIP TC11/ WG11.3 Fourteenth Annual Working Conference on Database Security: Data and Application Security, Development and Directions
Implementation of a Provably Secure, Smartcard-Based Key Distribution Protocol
CARDIS '98 Proceedings of the The International Conference on Smart Card Research and Applications
Using Smart Cards for Fair Exchange
WELCOM '01 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Electronic Commerce
Avoiding Loss of Fairness Owing to Process Crashes in Fair Data Exchange Protocols
DSN '00 Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (formerly FTCS-30 and DCCA-8)
Inductive verification of smart card protocols
Journal of Computer Security
Modular Fair Exchange Protocols for Electronic Commerce
ACSAC '99 Proceedings of the 15th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
A fair non-repudiation protocol
SP '96 Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Session key distribution using smart cards
EUROCRYPT'96 Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Gracefully degrading fair exchange with security modules
EDCC'05 Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Dependable Computing
Fair Exchange Is Incomparable to Consensus
Proceedings of the 5th international colloquium on Theoretical Aspects of Computing
An Efficient e-Commerce Fair Exchange Protocol That Encourages Customer and Merchant to Be Honest
SAFECOMP '08 Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security
Optimistic Fair Exchange Using Trusted Devices
SSS '09 Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems
Fair exchange of valuable information: A generalised framework
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
Achieving autonomous fair exchange in ubiquitous network settings
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Efficiency of optimistic fair exchange using trusted devices
ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems (TAAS) - Special section on formal methods in pervasive computing, pervasive adaptation, and self-adaptive systems: Models and algorithms
Efficient autonomous signature exchange on ubiquitous networks
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Study on two privacy-oriented protocols for information communication systems
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing
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Fair exchange protocols play an important role in application areas such as e-commerce where protocol participants require mutual guarantees that a transaction involving exchange of items has taken place in a specific manner. A protocol is fair if no protocol participant can gain any advantage over an honest participant by misbehaving. In addition, such a protocol is fault-tolerant if the protocol can ensure that an honest participant does not suffer any loss of fairness despite any failures of the participant's node. This paper presents a family of fair exchange protocols for two participants which make use of the presence of a trusted third party, under a variety of assumptions concerning participant misbehavior, message delays, and node reliability. The development is systematic, beginning with the strongest set of the assumptions and gradually weakening the assumptions to the weakest set. The resulting protocol family exposes the impact of a given set of assumptions on solving the problem of fair exchange. Specifically, it highlights the relationships that exist between fairness and assumptions on the nature of participant misbehavior, communication delays, and node crashes. The paper also shows that the restrictions assumed on a dishonest participant's misbehavior can be realized through the use of smartcards and smartcard-based protocols.