Region Competition: Unifying Snakes, Region Growing, and Bayes/MDL for Multiband Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Pen-based interaction techniques for organizing material on an electronic whiteboard
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A dynamic grouping technique for ink and audio notes
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Twenty Years of Document Image Analysis in PAMI
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Structure in On-line Documents
ICDAR '01 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Discerning Structure from Freeform Handwritten Notes
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 1
Estimating Piecewise-Smooth Optical Flow with Global Matching and Graduated Optimization
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On-Line Handwritten Documents Segmentation
IWFHR '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Learning to Parse Hierarchical Lists and Outlines Using Conditional Random Fields
IWFHR '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Lineogrammer: creating diagrams by drawing
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A robust approach to text line grouping in online handwritten Japanese documents
Pattern Recognition
SmartList: exploring intelligent hand-written list support
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference NZ Chapter of the ACM's Special Interest Group on Human-Computer Interaction
Parsing ink annotations on heterogeneous documents
SBM'06 Proceedings of the Third Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
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Handwritten text lines are prominent structures in freeform digital ink notes and their reliable detection is the foundation to a natural and intelligent interface for note editing and repurposing. This paper presents an optimization method for text line grouping. The global cost function is designed to find the simplest stroke partitioning to maximize the likelihood of the resulting lines and the consistency of their configuration. A dynamic programming algorithm provides an initial segmentation of the time-ordered stroke sequence. Then a local gradient-descent algorithm iteratively evaluates splitting and merging hypotheses to minimize the global cost function. On average, the proposed technique processes each note page in less than a second at a 90% accuracy.