Computational Linguistics
Natural language understanding (2nd ed.)
Natural language understanding (2nd ed.)
Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Grounding the lexical semantics of verbs in visual perception using force dynamics and event logic
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Generating Referring Expressions that Involve Gradable Properties
Computational Linguistics
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We propose a computational model of visually-grounded spatial language understanding, based on a study of how people verbally describe objects in visual scenes. We describe our implementation of word level visually-grounded semantics and their embedding in a compositional parsing framework. The implemented system selects the correct referents in response to a broad range of referring expressions for a large percentage of test cases. In an analysis of the system's successes and failures we reveal how visual context influences the semantics of utterances and propose future extensions to the model that take such context into account.