The PCP theorem by gap amplification

  • Authors:
  • Irit Dinur

  • Affiliations:
  • Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

  • Venue:
  • Proceedings of the thirty-eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
  • Year:
  • 2006

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Abstract

We present a new proof of the PCP theorem that is based on a combinatorial amplification lemma. The unsat value of a set of constraints C = (c1,...,cn), denoted UNSAT(C), is the smallest fraction of unsatisfied constraints, ranging over all possible assignments for the underlying variables.We describe a new combinatorial amplification transformation that doubles the unsat-value of a constraint-system, with only a linear blowup in the size of the system. The amplification step causes an increase in alphabet-size that is corrected by a PCP composition step. Iterative application of these two steps yields a proof for the PCP theorem.The amplification lemma relies on a new notion of "graph powering" that can be applied to systems of constraints. This powering amplifies the unsat-value of a constraint system provided that the underlying graph structure is an expander.We also apply the amplification lemma to construct PCPs and locally-testable codes whose length is linear up to a polylog factor, and whose correctness can be probabilistically verified by making a constant number of queries. Namely, we prove SAT ∈ PCP1/2,1[log2(n • poly log n),O(1)].