Emotion and personality in a conversational agent
Embodied conversational agents
The automated design of believable dialogues for animated presentation teams
Embodied conversational agents
Embodied contextual agent in information delivering application
Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems: part 2
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HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
Perceived Characteristics and Pedagogical Efficacy of Animated Conversational Agents
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
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CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
The effects of speech-gesture cooperation in animated agents' behavior in multimedia presentations
Interacting with Computers
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Effectiveness and usability of an online help agent embodied as a talking head
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Studies on gesture expressivity for a virtual agent
Speech Communication
Quality of talking heads in different interaction and media contexts
Speech Communication
Theory of mind as a theoretical prerequisite to model communication with virtual humans
ZiF'06 Proceedings of the Embodied communication in humans and machines, 2nd ZiF research group international conference on Modeling communication with robots and virtual humans
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Individuality of Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) may depend on both the look of the agent and the way it combines different modalities such as speech and gesture. In this chapter, we describe a study in which male and female users had to listen to three short technical presentations made by ECAs. Three multimodal strategies of ECAs for using arm gestures with speech were compared: redundancy, complementarity, and speech-specialization. These strategies were randomly attributed to different-looking 2D ECAs, in order to test independently the effects of multimodal strategy and ECA's appearance. The variables we examined were subjective impressions and recall performance. Multimodal strategies proved to influence subjective ratings of quality of explanation, in particular for male users. On the other hand, appearance affected likeability, but also recall performance. These results stress the importance of both multimodal strategy and appearance to ensure pleasantness and effectiveness of presentation ECAs.