Exploratory experimental studies comparing online and offline programming performance
Communications of the ACM
System performance evaluation: survey and appraisal
Communications of the ACM
An experimental comparison of time sharing and batch processing
Communications of the ACM
A comparison of batch processing and instant turnaround
Communications of the ACM
Description of a high capacity, fast turnaround university computing center
Communications of the ACM
Observations regarding the history of the study of computer personnel
Proceedings of the 50th annual conference on Computers and People Research
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Everyone talks about the computer user, but virtually no one has studied him in a systematic, scientific manner. There is a growing experimental lag between verified knowledge about users and rapidly expanding applications for them. This experimental lag has always existed in computer technology. Technological innovation and aggressive marketing of computer wares have consistently outpaced established knowledge of user performance -- a bias in computer technology largely attributable to current management outlook and practice. With the advent of time-sharing systems, and with the imminence of the much-heralded information utility, the magnitude of this scientific lag may have reached a critical point. If unchecked, particularly in the crucial area of software management, it may become a crippling humanistic lag -- a situation in which both the private and the public use of computers would be characterized by overriding concern for immediate machine efficiency and economy, and by an entrenched neglect of human needs, individual capabilities, and long-range social responsibilities.