Horse paths, restricted 132-avoiding permutations, continued fractions, and Chebyshev polynomials

  • Authors:
  • Qing-Hu Hou;Toufik Mansour

  • Affiliations:
  • Center for Combinatorics, LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China;Center for Combinatorics LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China and Department of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

  • Venue:
  • Discrete Applied Mathematics
  • Year:
  • 2006

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Abstract

Several authors have examined connections among 132-avoiding permutations, continued fractions, and Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. In this paper we find analogues for some of these results for permutations π avoiding 132 and 1□23 (there is no occurrence πi j j+1 such that 1 ≤i ≤j - 2) and provide a combinatorial interpretation for such permutations in terms of lattice paths. Using tools developed to prove these analogues, we give enumerations and generating functions for permutations which avoid both 132 and 1□23, and certain additional patterns. We also give generating functions for permutations avoiding 132 and 1□23 and containing certain additional patterns exactly once. In all cases we express these generating functions in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.