Applied multivariate techniques
Applied multivariate techniques
Using Discriminant Eigenfeatures for Image Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Affective computing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS for Windows: Advanced Techniques for Beginners
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS for Windows: Advanced Techniques for Beginners
Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us
Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us
Biometrics: Identity Verification in a Networked World
Biometrics: Identity Verification in a Networked World
SPSS/Pc+ Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference
SPSS/Pc+ Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference
Machine Interpretation of Facial Expressions
BT Technology Journal
How Convincing is Mr. Data's Smile: Affective Expressions of Machines
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Interacting with Virtual Humans through Body Actions
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Guide to Biometrics
Affect and machine design: Lessons for the development of autonomous machines
IBM Systems Journal
Facial expression recognition from line-based caricatures
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Drunk person identification using thermal infrared images
DSP'09 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Digital Signal Processing
A study for the self similarity smile detection
BioID_MultiComm'09 Proceedings of the 2009 joint COST 2101 and 2102 international conference on Biometric ID management and multimodal communication
Identifying emotional states using keystroke dynamics
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Love, hate, arousal and engagement: exploring audience responses to performing arts
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
HeatWave: thermal imaging for surface user interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Drunk person identification using thermal infrared images
International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics
Hi-index | 0.00 |
Machines would require the ability to perceive and adapt to affects for achieving artificial sociability. Most autonomous systems use Automated Facial Expression Classification (AFEC) and Automated Affect Interpretation (AAI) to achieve sociability. Varying lighting conditions, occlusion, and control over physiognomy can influence the real life performance of vision-based AFEC systems. Physiological signals provide complementary information for AFEC and AAI. We employed transient facial thermal features for AFEC and AAI. Infrared thermal images with participants' normal expression and intentional expressions of happiness, sadness, disgust, and fear were captured. Facial points that undergo significant thermal changes with a change in expression termed as Facial Thermal Feature Points (FTFPs) were identified. Discriminant analysis was invoked on principal components derived from the Thermal Intensity Values (TIVs) recorded at the FTFPs. The cross-validation and person-independent classification respectively resulted in 66.28% and 56.0% success rates. Classification significance tests suggest that (1) like other physiological cues, facial skin temperature also provides useful information about affective states and their facial expression; (2) patterns of facial skin temperature variation can complement other cues for AFEC and AAI; and (3) infrared thermal imaging may help achieve artificial sociability in robots and autonomous systems.