Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse
Computational Linguistics
High level knowledge sources in usable speech recognition systems
Communications of the ACM
Flexible parsing of discretely uttered sentences
COLING '82 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Human Problem Solving
TINA: a natural language system for spoken language applications
Computational Linguistics
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Contextual knowledge has traditionally been used in multi-sentential textual understanding systems. In contrast, this paper describes a new approach toward using contextual, dialog-based knowledge for speech recognition. To demonstrate this approach, we have built MINDS, a system which uses contextual knowledge to predictively generate expectations about the conceptual content that may be expressed in a system user's next utterance. These expectations are expanded to constrain the possible words which may be matched from an incoming speech signal. To prevent system rigidity and allow for diverse user behavior, the system creates layered predictions which range from very specific to very general. Each time new information becomes available from the ongoing dialog, MINDS generates a different set of layered predictions for processing the next utterance. The predictions contain constraints derived from the contextual, dialog level knowledge sources and each prediction is translated into a grammar usable by our speech recognizer, SPHINX. Since speech recognizers use grammars to dictate legal word sequences and to constrain the recognition process, the dynamically generated grammars reduce the number of word candidates considered by the recognizer. The results demonstrate that speech recognition accuracy is greatly enhanced through the use of predictions.