End-to-end available bandwidth: measurement methodology, dynamics, and relation with TCP throughput
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A measurement study of available bandwidth estimation tools
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Ten fallacies and pitfalls on end-to-end available bandwidth estimation
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Single-hop probing asymptotics in available bandwidth estimation: sample-path analysis
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Multi-hop probing asymptotics in available bandwidth estimation: stochastic analysis
IMC '05 Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet Measurement
Comparison of public end-to-end bandwidth estimation tools on high-speed links
PAM'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement
Evaluation and characterization of available bandwidth probing techniques
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Operational comparison of available bandwidth estimation tools
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
PAM '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement
The quest for bandwidth estimation techniques for large-scale distributed systems
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Large scale probabilistic available bandwidth estimation
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
End-to-end available bandwidth estimation tools, an experimental comparison
TMA'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Traffic Monitoring and Analysis
Speed measurements of residential internet access
PAM'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Passive and Active Measurement
SLDRT: A measurement technique for available bandwidth on multi-hop path with bursty cross traffic
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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The Probe Gap Model (PGM) was proposed as a lightweight and fast available bandwidth estimation method. Measurement tools such as Delphi and Spruce are based on PGM. Compared to estimation methods that require multiple iterations with different probing rates, PGM uses a single probing rate and it infers the available bandwidth from a direct relation between the input and output rates of measurement packet pairs. An important assumption behind the PGM model is that the measured path has a single bottleneck link that determines the available bandwidth of the end-to-end path. In this letter, we show that, even though PGM is accurate in the case of a single queue, it cannot estimate the available bandwidth of multi-hop paths, even if there is a single bottleneck in the path. Whether PGM is accurate or not depends on the routing of cross traffic relative to the measurement traffic. PGM is accurate when the cross traffic follows the same path with the measurement traffic. In the general case, however, PGM can significantly underestimate the available bandwidth of an end-to-end path.