Audio-visual emotion recognition in adult attachment interview
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Educational violin transcription by fusing multimedia streams
Proceedings of the international workshop on Educational multimedia and multimedia education
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We investigate the use of local, frame-dependent reliability indicators of the audio and visual modalities, as a means of estimating stream exponents of multi-stream hidden Markov models for audio-visual automatic speech recognition. We consider two such indicators at each modality, defined as functions of the speech-class conditional observation probabilities of appropriate audio or visual-only classifiers. We subsequently map the four reliability indicators into the stream exponents of a state-synchronous, two-stream hidden Markov model, as a sigmoid function of their linear combination. We propose two algorithms to estimate the sigmoid weights, based on the maximum conditional likelihood and minimum classification error criteria. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach on a connected-digit audio-visual speech recognition task, under varying audio channel noise conditions. Indeed, the use of estimated, frame-dependent stream exponents results in a significantly smaller word error rare than using global stream exponents. In addition, it outperforms utterance-level exponents, even though the latter utilize a-priori knowledge of the utterance noise level.