A novel algorithm for color constancy
International Journal of Computer Vision
Machine Learning - Special issue on learning with probabilistic representations
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face Detection From Color Images Using a Fuzzy Pattern Matching Method
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A flexible image database system for content-based retrieval
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on content-based access for image and video libraries
A fast algorithm for tracking human faces based on chromatic histograms
Pattern Recognition Letters
Frontal-view face detection and facial features extraction using color and morphological operations
Pattern Recognition Letters
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Mixture model for face-color modeling and segmentation
Pattern Recognition Letters
Statistical color models with application to skin detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
ECCV '96 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Coarse to Fine Face Detection Based on Skin Color Adaption
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the International ECCV 2002 Workshop Copenhagen on Biometric Authentication
Performance Evaluation of Single and Multiple-Gaussian Models for Skin Color Modeling
SIBGRAPI '02 Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing
On Selecting an Appropriate Colour Space for Skin Detection
MICAI '02 Proceedings of the Second Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Skin-Color Modeling and Adaptation
ACCV '98 Proceedings of the Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II
Tracking regions of human skin through illumination changes
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue: Colour image processing and analysis
An Intelligent Assistant for Navigation of Visually Impaired People
BIBE '01 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering
LAFTER: Lips and Face Real-Time Tracker
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Toward Robust Skin Identification in Video Images
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
Object Oriented Face Detection Using Range and Color Information
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Locating Facial Region of a Head-and-Shoulders Color Image
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Segmenting Hands of Arbitrary Color
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Robust Face Tracking Using Color
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
WACV '96 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV '96)
Skin-Color Extraction in Images with Complex Background and Varying Illumination
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
Does Colorspace Transformation Make Any Difference on Skin Detection?
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
Finding Faces in Color Images Using Wavelet Transform
ICIAP '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
A New Robust Face Detection in Color Images
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
A Probabilistic Model for the Human Skin Color
ICIAP '01 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
A neural network approach to colour constancy
A neural network approach to colour constancy
Detection of Skin Color under Changing Illumination: A Comparative Study
ICIAP '03 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Face recognition with visible and thermal infrared imagery
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
ICTAI '03 Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Face Recognition in Hyperspectral Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Skin Color-Based Video Segmentation under Time-Varying Illumination
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Skin Detection: A Bayesian Network Approach
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
Mixture Clustering Using Multidimensional Histograms for Skin Detection
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Skin Segmentation Using Color Pixel Classification: Analysis and Comparison
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image Chromatic Adaptation Using ANNs for Skin Color Adaptation
ICTAI '04 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence
Recent advances in visual and infrared face recognition: a review
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Effect of colorspace transformation, the illuminance component, and color modeling on skin detection
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Adaptive learning of an accurate skin-color model
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Face detection using quantized skin color regions merging andwavelet packet analysis
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Improving gamut mapping color constancy
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A comparison of computational color constancy Algorithms. II. Experiments with image data
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Adaptive color segmentation-a comparison of neural and statistical methods
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
AFRIGRAPH '07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
ICIC '08 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Computing: Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications - with Aspects of Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Color in image and video processing: most recent trends and future research directions
Journal on Image and Video Processing - Color in Image and Video Processing
An adaptive multiple model approach for fast content-based skin detection in on-line videos
AREA '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Analysis and retrieval of events/actions and workflows in video streams
Color image segmentation using morphological clustering and fusion with automatic scale selection
Pattern Recognition Letters
A skin detection approach based on color distance map
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Human Tracking by IP PTZ Camera Control in the Context of Video Surveillance
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
A Reliable Skin Detection Using Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence
ICCSA '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications: Part II
Fuzzy Feature-Based Upper Body Tracking with IP PTZ Camera Control
CIARP '09 Proceedings of the 14th Iberoamerican Conference on Pattern Recognition: Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications
Skin Paths for Contextual Flagging Adult Videos
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
Real-Time Hand Detection and Gesture Tracking with GMM and Model Adaptation
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
Skin detection for single images using dynamic skin color modeling
Pattern Recognition
Statistical classification of skin color pixels from MPEG videos
ACIVS'07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
3D person tracking with a color-based particle filter
RobVis'08 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Robot vision
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
A data-mining based skin detection method in JPEG compressed domain
FSKD'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery - Volume 5
Hand gesture recognition based on dynamic Bayesian network framework
Pattern Recognition
Skin and non-skin probability approximation based on discriminative tree distribution
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
iLike: integrating visual and textual features for vertical search
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
BIOFACE: a biometric face demonstrator
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Toward image-based facial hair modeling
Proceedings of the 26th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics
A novel fuzzy rule base system for pose independent faces detection
Applied Soft Computing
Universal seed skin segmentation
ISVC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
ICSR'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Social robotics
Explicit image detection using YCbCr space color model as skin detection
AMERICAN-MATH'11/CEA'11 Proceedings of the 2011 American conference on applied mathematics and the 5th WSEAS international conference on Computer engineering and applications
SafeVchat: detecting obscene content and misbehaving users in online video chat services
Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web
Monitoring of Medication Intake Using a Camera System
Journal of Medical Systems
Practical color-based motion capture
SCA '11 Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
IWANN'11 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Artificial neural networks conference on Advances in computational intelligence - Volume Part II
ACS'11 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Applied computer science
Color based skin classification
Pattern Recognition Letters
A dynamic threshold approach for skin tone detection in colour images
International Journal of Biometrics
Measuring response times to auditory stimuli during an audiometry
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies
Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research
Efficient misbehaving user detection in online video chat services
Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
A skin detection approach based on the Dempster--Shafer theory of evidence
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Efficient skin detection under severe illumination changes and shadows
ICIRA'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications - Volume Part II
Contextual and skin color region information for face and arms location
EUROCAST'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computer Aided Systems Theory - Volume Part I
Theory of evidence for face detection and tracking
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
ANN face detection with skin color distribution rules
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Scalable misbehavior detection in online video chat services
Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Automatic processing of audiometry sequences for objective screening of hearing loss
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Real time door access event detection and notification in a reactive smart surveillance system
ICISP'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image and Signal Processing
Texture analysis for skin probability maps refinement
MCPR'12 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican conference on Pattern Recognition
A tool for hand-sign recognition
MCPR'12 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican conference on Pattern Recognition
A cascade face recognition system using hybrid feature extraction
Digital Signal Processing
Skin segmentation based on multi pixel color clustering models
Digital Signal Processing
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
State of the Art Report on Video-Based Graphics and Video Visualization
Computer Graphics Forum
Clothing genre classification by exploiting the style elements
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Web service competition: a new approach to service selection
CASCON '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research
Skin detection using color and distance transform
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
Cortical 3D Face and Object Recognition Using 2D Projections
International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics
Towards independent color space selection for human skin detection
PCM'12 Proceedings of the 13th Pacific-Rim conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
SafeVchat: A System for Obscene Content Detection in Online Video Chat Services
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
Surround-see: enabling peripheral vision on smartphones during active use
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A virtual touchscreen with depth recognition
AUIC '12 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 126
Model probability in self-organising maps
IWANN'13 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks: advences in computational intelligence - Volume Part II
Genetic eigenhand selection for handshape classification based on compact hand extraction
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Robust hand tracking in realtime using a single head-mounted RGB camera
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Skin detection by dual maximization of detectors agreement for video monitoring
Pattern Recognition Letters
Crop segmentation from images by morphology modeling in the CIE L*a*b* color space
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Detecting Facial Expressions for Monitoring Patterns of Emotional Behavior
International Journal of Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies Research
Constraint-based Correspondence Matching for Stereo-based Interactive Robotic Massage Machine
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems
Face detection based on skin color likelihood
Pattern Recognition
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Adaptive method for improvement of human skin detection in colour images
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Systematic skin segmentation: merging spatial and non-spatial data
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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Skin detection plays an important role in a wide range of image processing applications ranging from face detection, face tracking, gesture analysis, content-based image retrieval systems and to various human computer interaction domains. Recently, skin detection methodologies based on skin-color information as a cue has gained much attention as skin-color provides computationally effective yet, robust information against rotations, scaling and partial occlusions. Skin detection using color information can be a challenging task as the skin appearance in images is affected by various factors such as illumination, background, camera characteristics, and ethnicity. Numerous techniques are presented in literature for skin detection using color. In this paper, we provide a critical up-to-date review of the various skin modeling and classification strategies based on color information in the visual spectrum. The review is divided into three different categories: first, we present the various color spaces used for skin modeling and detection. Second, we present different skin modeling and classification approaches. However, many of these works are limited in performance due to real-world conditions such as illumination and viewing conditions. To cope up with the rapidly changing illumination conditions, illumination adaptation techniques are applied along with skin-color detection. Third, we present various approaches that use skin-color constancy and dynamic adaptation techniques to improve the skin detection performance in dynamically changing illumination and environmental conditions. Wherever available, we also indicate the various factors under which the skin detection techniques perform well.