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New Generation Computing
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ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
Temporal representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence: Issues and approaches
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence
Geoinformatica
Spatial Cognition and Computation
Modeling and Querying Moving Objects
ICDE '97 Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Data Engineering
Qualitative Spatio-Temporal Continuity
COSIT 2001 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Foundations of Geographic Information Science
Specifications for Efficient Indexing in Spatiotemporal Databases
SSDBM '98 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management
Managing Time in GIS: An Event-Oriented Approach
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Temporal Databases: Recent Advances in Temporal Databases
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DEXA '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Database & Expert Systems Applications
Information extraction for enhanced access to disease outbreak reports
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Sublanguage
A Calculus of Macro-Events: Progress Report
TIME '00 Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME'00)
MITRE: description of the Alembic system used for MUC-6
MUC6 '95 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Message understanding
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Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Toward a geometry of common sense: a semantics and a complete axiomatization of mereotopology
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Artificial intelligence today
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Fundamenta Informaticae - Qualitative Spatial Reasoning
Guest editorial: Temporal representation and reasoning in medicine
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Temporal abstraction in intelligent clinical data analysis: A survey
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Bio-surveillance Event Models, Open Source Intelligence, and the Semantic Web
BioSecure '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on Biosurveillance and Biosecurity
Formalizing collaboration in decision-making: a case study in military epidemiological early warning
NDM'09 Proceedings of the 9th Bi-annual international conference on Naturalistic Decision Making
Collective decision-making in complex situations: a dynamic role in alert management
NDM'09 Proceedings of the 9th Bi-annual international conference on Naturalistic Decision Making
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Objective:: The email reporting system has been recognized as a key tool for early warning of disease outbreaks and surveillance of emerging diseases. The aim of the work reported here was to develop a formal language for building an event-centered representation of outbreak histories, described by outbreak reports, which could be used for tracking the spread of epidemics. Methods:: The SpatioTemporal Extended Event Language (STEEL) we have built is an extension of the Event Calculus that is based on joint spatial and temporal location of event occurrences and structured conglomeration of events. This language allows us to represent and build aggregates of events, according to their spatiotemporal location. Material and results:: In a proof of concept study, this language was implemented in Prolog. A trial corpus of 35 outbreak reports from a PROMED-Mail diffusion list was hand coded in an experimental implementation of STEEL. The performances of this language were compared with three human experts during a question and answer task on this corpus. The experiment showed agreement between responses of the experts and the system. Conclusion:: STEEL ensures the spatial and temporal location of event occurrence. The resulting representation is very close to the narrative. Further work must be made to develop a system capable of automatically modeling outbreak reports.