Multimedia information and learning
Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia
FastScript3D: a JavaScript companion to Java3D
ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Web Graphics
Adaptive Presentation for Effective Web-Based Learning of 3D Content
ICALT '04 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
An Empirical Exploration of Using Wiki in an English as a Second Language Course
ICALT '05 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
A web-based tutoring system with styles-matching strategy for spatial geometric transformation
Interacting with Computers
HSI'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Human.society@internet
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This study explored the effects of 2D- versus 3D-based media representations on the influence of the spatial visualization ability of undergraduate science majors. A pre-test/post-test comparison-group experiment was conducted with 23 participants involved in the study. Participating students were randomly assigned either to the interactive 3D media representation group (n=13) or the conventional 2D media representation group (n=10); learning materials in both groups deliver the same information to students, but employ different media representations. All the activities were performed in a self-paced, web-based instructional system. The results of ANCOVA analysis showed statistically insignificant difference between groups in terms of students' post-test scores on the spatial visualization ability test with the students' pre-test scores as the covariate. However, a medium effect size was observed in favor of the 3D group in terms of practical significance. As a pilot study with a small sample size aiming to probe the research direction of this problem, the result of medium-sized effect magnitude is likely to implicate that the discrepancy of different representational design on students' performance of spatial ability assessment is noteworthy. Future study of this nature appears to merit further replications and investigations.