NetCash: a design for practical electronic currency on the Internet
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
A comparison of schemes for certification authorities/trusted third parties
SEC'97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC11 13 international conference on Information Security (SEC '97) on Information security in research and business
On the design of efficient RSA-based off-line electronic cash schemes
Theoretical Computer Science - Special issue: cryptography
Reflection as a mechanism for software integrity verification
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Communications of the ACM
CRYPTO '88 Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
An Efficient Divisible Electronic Cash Scheme
CRYPTO '95 Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Electronic Payments of Small Amounts
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Security Protocols
A Secure Payment System for Electronic Commerce
DEXA '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Database & Expert Systems Applications
Electronic cash on the Internet
SNDSS '95 Proceedings of the 1995 Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (SNDSS'95)
Establishing and managing trust within the public key infrastructure
Computer Communications
Towards a framework for evaluating certificate status information mechanisms
Computer Communications
Cryptanalysis of Lee-Hwang-Yang blind signature scheme
Computer Standards & Interfaces
A novel and low-computation e-cash transfer system against blackmail for mobile communications
International Journal of Mobile Communications
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We propose a generic framework for the development of an off-line peer-to-peer electronic payment system with fixed-value electronic coins. The proposed scheme simulates the issuance, circulation and characteristics of conventional cash and satisfies important security, privacy and usability requirements, offering a comparative advantage over other existing solutions. We exploit the strong security characteristics of a typical tamperproof device such as a smart card, and the trust services provided by a Public Key Infrastructure. The electronic coins are fixed, signed data structures that may be distributed, stored and processed by external applications only in their blind (encrypted) form. Non-divisibility is counterbalanced by the low complexity of the proposed solution, which enables the efficient exchange of multiple coins per transaction.